Discrimination on grounds of pregnancy or maternity constitutes a special example of gender-based discrimination - Non-renewal of the fixed-term contract of a pregnant worker - Refusal to appoint a pregnant woman or firing her because of her pregnancy or maternity status constitute a direct discrimination on grounds of sex
Possibility of voluntary termination of pregnancy - Requirements to perform therapeutic abortion - Failure to inform of possible foetus’ malformations
Recognition of the foreign order establishing a child’s adoption by a same-sex couple – Refusal to register it in case of adoption by same-sex couples
Killing of a young African descent woman and impunity of the perpetrator due a broad application of the parliamentary immunity - Gender stereotypes employed by domestic authorities to the detriment of the victim - Violation of the right to equality before the law, to judicial protection, and to be free from discrimination
Verbal, physical and sexual violence committed against a female journalist in the context of a kidnapping by a paramilitary group - Violation of the right to judicial protection, to dignity, to freedom of thought and expression, to personal integrity, to equal protection before the law - Lack of due diligence due to discriminatory attitudes towards the victim in the course of the investigations
Killing of a female huma rights defender in the contest of spread abuses against women - Ineffective investigations without a gender lens - Violation of the right to dignity, to judicial protection and to personal integrity
Extrajudicial killing of two women and forced disappearance of two men - Ineffective investigations - Violation of the right to personal integrity and to judicial protection
Dissenting / Concurring: Sexual violence, discrimination against women, ineffective investigations, disappearance
Criminalization of an economically disadvantaged and illiterate woman living in a rural context having suffered obstetric emergency resulting in miscarriage - Arrest, detention during the proceedings and conviction for aggravated homicide to the detriment of her still-born child found by the police in her house - Violation of the right to freedom from arbitrary detention and to the presumption of innocence - Ineffective investigations based on gender stereotypes and preconceptions rather than concrete evidence related to the intersectional axes of discrimination concerning her gender, geographical location, level of literacy and economic status - Violation of the right to life following Manuela's death from cancer during imprisonment without adequate medical diagnosis and treatment
Dissenting / Concurring: Vio Grossi / Sierra Porto / Zaffaroni / Pérez Manrique
Freedom of association as a general principle of international law with collective and individual connotations, protecting the right to form trade union organisations and the right of each person to determine without coercion whether or not to join the association - The right to collective barganing as an essential part of freedom of association with a gendered impact on labour rights, violence and discrimination in the workplace - Presence of gender roles and stereotypes, both in the public arena and in the private sector, standing as a barrier to the full exercise of women's labour rights
State's failure to conduct effective investigations into the murder of a sex-worker and trans woman because of her gender identity and expression – Ineffective investigation into gender-based violence relying on prejudices against the trans community amounts to a violation of the right to freedom of expression
Dissenting / Concurring: Odio Benito, Pazmiño Freire, Vio Grossi
Trafficking victim of Nigerian origin deprived of any contact with her children, contrary to experts’ recommendations and even before the final decision on their availability for adoption - Violation of Article 8
Article 8 (Family Life) Article 14 (+ Article 8) - Restriction of applicant’s parental rights and deprivation of contact with her children on gender identity grounds and domestic courts’ failure to conduct in-depth examination of entire family situation and of relevant factors - Discrimination on gender identity grounds and lack of convincing and sufficient reasons for difference in treatment vis-a-vis parents whose gender identity matched sex assignment at birth
Dissenting / Concurring: Georges Ravarani, María Elósegui
Article 8 read in light of Article 9 - Shortcomings in decision-making process resulting in severance of mother-child ties, in a context of different cultural and religious backgrounds of mother and adoptive parents
Article 14 (+ Article 8 and Article 11) - Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation - State’s failure to ensure LGBT event proceeded peacefully, without verbal abuse, and carry out an effective investigation into homophobic motives of counter-demonstrators
Dissenting / Concurring: Grozev, Harutyunyan
Athletics South Africa challenged the Swiss Federal Supreme Court's decision upholding World Athletics' regulations on testosterone levels in female athletes, specifically targeting athletes with Differences in Sexual Development (DSD) - The applicant argued that these regulations violated the athletes' rights to non-discrimination and personal integrity under Article 14 and Article 8
Article 14 (+ Article 8) - Entitlement to parental leave of male police personnel conditional upon lack of maternal care for their children
Condemnation of national courts for upholding presumptions and stereotypes of female sexuality - Positive obligations - 'Secondary victimisation' of a survivor of sexual violence due to the blaming, moralising and stereotyped gendered motivations of the domestic decision
Dissenting / Concurring: Wojtyczek
Article 14 (+ Article 1 P1) - Unjustified, direct sex discrimination owing to refusal of employment-related benefit to pregnant woman who underwent in vitro fertilisation shortly before employment
Dissenting / Concurring: Krzysztof Wojtyczek
Inability to obtain Polish nationality by descent by children born through surrogacy in USA to same-sex couple and residing in Israel, where legal parent-child link is recognised - inadmissible
Article 8 (Family life) - Return of a child to Thailand ordered by the Swiss courts in the context of international child abduction proceedings - Appropriate steps by the competent authorities to guarantee the safety of the child